An Exegetical Study on the Problem of Eternal Torment in Rev 14:9­–11

Abstract

This paper offers an exegetical analysis of Revelation 14:9–11, challenging the traditional view that the passage teaches eternal conscious torment. Instead, it argues that the text, consistent with the apocalyptic literary genre, symbolically depicts divine judgment as consisting of torment followed by deathmusic. This supports an annihilationist understanding of eschatological punishment. Drawing on scriptural intertextuality and Old Testament imagery, the study demonstrates that those who worship God are promised eternal rest, while those who worship the beast experience torment as a prelude to annihilation. The article situates this reading within broader theological contexts, including creation, soteriology, and eschatology.